Threesology Research Journal
WHAT'S YOUR PROBLEM?...3



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Problem Investigators as of May 6th, 2025

In this 3rd Installment of the "What's Your Problem" series, I focus on providing bits of information from the online Sanford Encyclopedia of Psychology, though one might also use the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), while this Wikipedia page provides an overview of other availabilities: List of philosophical encyclopedias. However, one must fully note that most ideas are not specifically labeled as a philosophy, even though that is exactly what they are. Every subject has its own flavor of philosophers, many of whom speak of similar topics but remain obscure from one another due to context of appearance, language of articulation, poor or lack of translation for others, or have not been published any where. Though there are undoubtedly great thinkers all over the world, some of them don't write, don't have the time to write, do not know how to make their ideas publicly available, or are up against one another type of obstacle as well as not being afforded the necessary means for their fledgling ideas to become more fully explored and solidified to the point of a comprehensive articulated illustration.

And though the present effort is miniscule to that which I can imagine is a more in depth and comprehensive study, it nonetheless serves to provide some margin of expression for understanding and addressing what I perceive to be an absence of approaches to a concerted study of the "threes" phenomena. In other words I find bits and pieces of efforts, typically in the form of some randomized collection or rule-of-threes directive by those who use such as a medium for introducing some product or service to be purchased; as well as those whose study is of someone else's usage of a "threes" orientation where the word triad, or triadism, or trinity/triunity are used instead. I think the problem for this is that most people are infused with a disposition to cater to some servitude of duality, no matter how often they may use a three theme. In other words, their consciousness may be expressing a three as a triad or trinity or some other similar valuation of a supposed "three" model, but it is what contemporary philosophers might denote as an inconsistent triad, but is better understood in the sense I want to convey, as an Embellished duality. An oft' repeated example of mine is to reference the I-ching triads which are fundamentally based on the male/female duality of the yin/yang concept. Whereas eight groups of 3- line groupings are labeled as triads, a closer examination reveals that while there are one- and two-line configurations, the third item in the group is a mere repetition of either one or two lines. There is no actual three-line value. Hence, the one and two-line (as a represented duality), becomes embellished with yet another single or double line:

I ching triads are actually embellished dyads

The intellectual desire to supercede the reliance on a former duality was not quite actually achieved, though it was at least a real attempt in the real world and not an illusory attempt as illustrated by the triads in religion and mythology.

.

Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: single word query: "Triad"

Sampling: 1–10 of 72 documents found...

  • Iamblichus (Riccardo Chiaradonna and Adrien Lecerf)
    • ...his Reply to Porphyry Iamblichus establishes a triad of foundational traditions: the Egyptian, the Chaldaic...first principle “coordinated” with the Intelligible Triad by positing two levels above it: on the one hand...other hand, a principle “uncoordinated with the triad”. In this respect, Iamblichus seems to have wished...
  • Proclus(Christoph Helmig and Carlos Steel)
    • ...moné-prohodos-epistrophé, see Elem. Theol. § 35). This triad has been called the “triad of triads,” the underlying principle...transl. E.R. Dodds] Another fundamental triad is the triad Unparticipated-Participated-Participating...three ontological levels thus correspond to the triad of Being, Life, and Intellect, which already play...
  • (Supplement to Simplicius) The Commentaries of Simplicius (Christoph Helmig):
  • Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and L. Michael Harrington)
    • ...difference, rest, and motion, as well as the Neoplatonic triad of being, life, and intellect. The fact that God...various hierarchies. In the EH, for instance, in the triad catechumen (the one undergoing purification), sponsor...beginning of the MT, where in the address/request “Triad, above substance, above god, above good” to “make...
  • Naturalism in Classical Indian Philosophy (Amita Chatterjee)
    • ...three dyads of the same type combine to form a triad (tryanuka), which is held to be the smallest perceptible...how perceptible magnitude arises at the stage of triad from the combination of its imperceptible components...dyads are imperceptible, then by the same logic a triad will also be imperceptible. If this process continues...
      • Three types of Naturalism are cited in the article:
        1. Ontological naturalism, which holds that reality contains no supernatural entities.
        2. Methodological naturalism, which holds that philosophical inquiry should be consistent with scientific method.
        3. Moral naturalism, which typically holds that there are moral facts and that such facts are part of the natural world.
  • Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
    • ...However, in the commentary the distinction between the first and the second hypostasis is somewhat blurred: the ineffable One is somehow also at the same time the first member (“Father”) in a triad of being, life and intelligence and in this context identical with being. Positing a first principle that is a part of such a composite is surely un-Plotinian. If Hadot’s identification of the author with Porphyry is right, Porphyry indeed held metaphysical views that differ significantly from those of Plotinus...
  • Giordano Bruno (Dilwyn Knox)
    • ...correlated the active triad of Mind-Intellect-Spirit or Love with a counterpart triad of void-passive potentiality-matter...or “First Intellect”; and (c) Love (Amor). This triad, with Life (vita) sometimes standing for Love, feature... the Christian appropriation of the Neoplatonic triad being-life-intellect (Proclus, Elements of Theology...
  • Sense Data (Gary Hatfield)
    • ...connections. (1956: §6) They accept an “inconsistent triad”: X senses red sense-content s entails x non-inferentially...6, emended) Who allegedly subscribed to this triad? Some of Sellars’s examples draw from early modern...11) and Price (1956: §31), without ascribing the triad to them. He also devotes considerable attention ...
  • Judah Abrabanel (Aaron Hughes)
    • ...Islamicate Neoplatonism and the other on the Plotinian triad. According to the first model, Judah argues—citing...offers a Plotinian account based on a celestial triad.[27] He now distinguishes between three types of beauty that pervade the cosmos. The first is God qua the Source of beauty (l’attore di bellezza), the second is beauty itself (bellezza; i.e., intelligible beauty), and the third is the physical universe produced by this idea in the intellect of God (il participante di bellezza)...
  • Ernst Mally (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
    • ...of dignitatives, Meinong counted the classical triad of true, good and beautiful (maybe even pleasant...verum et bonum convertuntur. Mally refers to the triad of the true, the good and the beautiful two times...
  • Monotheism (William Wainwright)
    • ...themselves are clearly created [or emanated?] … the triad of the lights illuminate one another, uncreated ...hidden root.” According to the Pseudo-Hai, then, a triad exists in the hidden Godhead itself. Later Kabbalists... Christians are only committed to regarding the triad as the appropriate object of theistic attitudes,...
    • ...The entry concludes by examining three major theistic traditions which contain strands which might seem at odds with their commitment to monotheism—the Jewish Kabbalistic tradition, Christianity, and Shri Vaishnavism...

Additional separate entry links with simple reference:


Excerpt from Speusippus article.

  • Georg Friedrich Philipp von Hardenberg [Novalis] (Kristin Gjesdal): ...the idea that democracy requires a triad of individual education, societal plurality, and, not least, a capacity for impartial judging, that will remain Novalis’s most valuable contribution to political thought.
  • Abraham Ibn Daud (Resianne Fontaine and Amira Eran): In a three-fold act of cognition, this intelligence produces a triad of heavenly intellect, sphere-soul and heavenly body, and this process is repeated until the sphere of the moon to which the active intellect belongs.
  • Natural Philosophy in the Renaissance (Eva Del Soldato): ...Paracelsus did not reject canonical motifs. For example, he relied on the four elements (air, fire, water, earth), but he also proposed a new triad: sulfur, mercury, and salt. Yet, even this proposal was not as iconoclastic as it appears, since it was partially founded on the Aristotelian doctrine of the formation of metals contained in the Meteorology (341b 6ff.)...
  • Truth Values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing): ..Thus, from a value-theoretical standpoint, the main task of philosophy, taken generally, is to establish the principles of logical, ethical and aesthetical assessments, and Windelband accordingly highlighted the triad of basic values: “true”, “good” and “beautiful”. Later this triad was taken up by Frege in 1918 when he defined the subject-matter of logic. Gabriel points out (1984: 374) that this connection between logic and a value theory can be traced back to Hermann Lotze, whose seminars in Göttingen were attended by both Windelband and Frege...
  • Relations (Fraser MacBride): ...To begin let’s distinguish between the “degree” or “adicity” or “arity” of relations (see, e.g., Armstrong 1978b: 75). Properties are “one-place” or “monadic” or “unary” because properties are only exhibited by particulars or other items, e.g., properties, individually or one by one. Relations are “many-place” or “>n-adic” or “n-ary” (where n > 1) because they are exhibited by particulars only in relation to other particulars. A “2-place” or “dyadic” or “binary” relation is exhibited by one particular only in relation to another. A “3-place” or “triadic” or “ternary” relation is exhibited by one particular only in relation to exactly two others. And so on... Converses, Identity and Uniqueness form an inconsistent triad, assuming there are non-symmetric relations...
  • Imagination (Shen-yi Liao and Tamar Gendler): Autism can be characterized in terms of a trio of atypicalities often referred to as “Wing’s triad”: problems in typical social competence, communication, and imagination (Happé 1994; Wing & Gould 1979). The imaginative aspect of autism interacts with other prominent roles of imagination, namely mindreading, pretense, and engagement with the arts (Carruthers 2009). Children with autism do not engage in spontaneous pretend play in the ways that typically-developing children do, engaging instead in repetitive and sometimes obsessional activities; and adults with autism often show little interest in fiction (Carpenter, Tomasello, & Striano 2005; Happé 1994; Rogers, Cook, & Meryl 2005; Wing & Gould 1979).
  • Divine Simplicity (William F. Vallicella): The problem displayed as an inconsistent triad: (a) God is a property instance; (b) God is a person; (c) No person is a property instance.
  • Divine Providence (Hugh J. McCann and Daniel M. Johnson): The opponent of theism alleges that a triad of properties traditionally held to belong to God’s nature — omniscience, omnipotence and omnibenevolence — are not jointly consistent with the existence of evil in the world.
  • Trinity (Dale Tuggy): While many discussions start with claims that are seen as the heart of the “Athanasian” creed, a recent piece by Justin Mooney (2018, 1) starts with this seemingly inconsistent triad of claims:
    1. God is triune.
    2. The Son is not triune.
    3. The Son is God.

Dale Tuggy (2014, 186) presents this inconsistent triad.

  1. The Christian God is a self.
  2. The Christian God is the Trinity.
  3. The Trinity is not a self.

One-self trinitarians deny 3, and three-self trinitarians deny 1. But Tuggy argues that for scriptural reasons a Christian should deny 2. (See also section 5.4 and the supplementary document on the history of trinitarian doctrines, section 2.)

Ryan Byerly (2019) explains “the philosophical challenge of the Trinity” as centering on the key Nicene term “consubstantial” (Greek: homoousios). How can the three Persons be “consubstantial” so that each equally in some sense “is God”, where this implies neither their numerical identity, nor that there’s more than one god?

Jedwab and Keller (2019, 173) see the fundamental challenge for the orthodox trinitarian as showing how this seemingly inconsistent triad of claims is, rightly understood, consistent:

  1. There is exactly one God.
  2. There are exactly three divine persons.
  3. Each divine person is God.

They argue that this must involve paraphrases, clearer formulations of 1–3 which can be seen as possibly all true.

  • (Supplement to Trinity) History of Trinitarian Doctrines (Dale Tuggy):
  • Mohism (Chris Fraser): Mohism was an influential philosophical, social, and religious movement that flourished during the Warring States era (479–221 BCE) in ancient China. As their movement developed, the Mohists came to present themselves as offering a collection of ten key doctrines, divided into five pairs. The ten doctrines correspond to the titles of the ten triads, the ten sets of three essays that form the core of the Mozi....
  • (Supplement to Mohism) Significance and Chronology of the Triads (Chris Fraser): Scholars have proposed various theories to explain the significance of the three identically titled essays for each core Mohist doctrine. The most important of these are the “three factions” theory, A. C. Graham’s modified version of the three factions theory, and the “successive revision” theory.
    • First proposed by the late Qing dynasty scholar Yu Yue (1821–1907), the three factions theory holds that the three series of essays — the “upper,” “middle,” and “lower” essays from each triad — represent the views of three sects into which, according to a passage in Book 50 of the Hanfeizi (ca. 233 BCE), the Mohists split after Mo Di’s death. Graham’s theory also ascribes the essays to three different factions, but he adjusts the arrangement of the texts, contending that six of one faction’s ten essays are missing and that three of the shortest texts are digests or fragments inserted to replace lost essays (Graham, 1985). He sees the three factions as having distinctive doctrinal tendencies, which he characterizes as “Purist,” “Compromising,” and “Reactionary,” respectively (1989, p. 51). The successive revision theory holds that the essays in each triad represent three sequential revisions of Mohist doctrines, the “upper” being earliest, followed by the “middle” and then the “lower” (Brooks 1996a-b-c; Fraser 2010b, 2010c).
  • (Supplement to Mohism) Texts and Authorship (Chris Fraser):
  • Philosophy of Medicine (Julian Reiss and Rachel A. Ankeny): ...triad of concepts “disease, illness, sickness”...
  • Fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini): ...the paradox of fiction or the paradox of fictional emotions, involves a triad of seemingly compelling but incompatible claims about emotional responses generated by engaging with fiction. For a representative formulation:
    1. People experience emotions for fictional objects and situations, knowing them to be fictional.
    2. People do not believe that fictional objects and situations exist.
    3. In order to experience an emotion for an object or situation, one must believe that it exists<./li>

(A broadly equivalent formulation is found in Gendler’s entry on imagination.) The question is how best to resolve the inconsistency among these claims; that is, which of (A)–(C) to give up so that consistency is restored, and why these and not others.

  • Mechanisms in Science (Carl Craver, James Tabery, and Phyllis Illari): Two citations noted as references.
    1. “Integration and the Mechanistic Triad: Producing, Underlying and Maintaining Mechanistic Explanations”, in Neural Mechanisms: New Challenges in the Philosophy of Neuroscience (Studies in Brain and Mind 17),
    2. “Information and Explanation: An Inconsistent Triad and Solution”, European Journal for Philosophy of Science.
  • Clarence Irving Lewis (Bruce Hunter): Sellars (1956 [1963, 132]) claimed that the classical empiricist given was an inconsistent triad of three claims: (1) being appeared to as if there were something red entails non-inferentially knowing that one is appeared readly to, (2) the ability to be appeared to is unacquired, and (3) the ability to know facts of the form x is F is acquired.
  • Korean Buddhism (Lucy Hyekyung Jee): The three core practices in Won Buddhism mirror the traditional Buddhist triad of samadhi, wisdom, and precepts.
  • Michael Oakeshott (Terry Nardin): ...Benedetto Croce, who distinguishes the theoretical modes of art, history, and philosophy from the practical modes of economics and ethics, and R.G. Collingwood, who in Speculum Mentis, an early work, begins with Hegel’s triad of art, religion, and philosophy, identifying philosophy broadly defined with “knowledge” and distinguishing three kinds of knowledge—science, history, and philosophy narrowly defined—to generate a fivefold hierarchy of modes. In Collingwood’s scheme, art is at the bottom, followed by religion, the former concerned to imagine or “suppose” and the latter to “assert”, and then by the three kinds of genuine knowledge, which are distinguished from art and religion in being critical...
  • Simplicius (Christoph Helmig): ...the “usefulness” of physics, Simplicius explains, is to provoke the awakening in souls of the anagogical triad of Love, Truth, and Faith (to which is added a fourth term, Hope)...
  • Wilhelm Dilthey (Rudolf Makkreel): ...Whereas Hegel restricted objective spirit to the legal, economic and political aspects of historical life, Dilthey expands the concept to include not only the sciences, but also the triad of art, religion and philosophy that Hegel had assigned to absolute spirit. But most of all, objective spirit embodies the everyday, mundane aspects of life that we grow up with...
  • Virtue Epistemology (John Turri, Mark Alfano, and John Greco): ...inconsistent triad reference...
  • Franz Brentano (Wolfgang Huemer): The “triad of the Beautiful, the True, and the Good ... [is] related to the three aspects of our mental life” (PES, 203).
  • Lorenzo Valla (Lodi Nauta): In reducing the categories to his triad of substance, quality, and action, Valla does not seem to have in mind “realist” philosophers who accepted the independent existence of entities such as relations and quantities over and above individual things.
  • Wilhelm von Humboldt (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer and Markus Messling): Humboldt advanced a theory of the imagination (Einbildungskraft) that enabled him to explain aesthetic effects as an interactive process involving the triad of artist, work of art and recipient.
  • The Definition of Morality (Joshua Gert and Bernard Gert): Some psychologists, such as Haidt, take morality to include concern with, at least, all three of the triad of (1) harm, (2) purity, and (3) loyalty, and hold that different members of a society can and do take different features of morality to be most important.
  • Numenius (George Karamanolis): One footnote reference: “Porphyry and the Intelligible Triad”, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 110: 14–25.
  • Mary Wollstonecraft (Sylvana Tomaselli): One footnote reference: “The Primacy of Right. On the Triad of Liberty, Equality and Virtue in Wollstonecraft’s Political Thought”, British Journal for the History of Philosophy,
  • Diodorus Cronus (Matthew Duncombe): 3 criteria of a Master Argument and the Inconsistent Tirad...

Internet query parameter: "Inconsistent Triad". AI response:

The "inconsistent triad" is a philosophical concept, often discussed in the context of the problem of evil, that highlights a logical tension between three propositions: God is omnipotent, God is omnibenevolent, and evil exists. The core idea is that these three statements cannot all be true simultaneously without creating a contradiction. Here's a breakdown:

  • Omnipotence: God is all-powerful, capable of doing anything.
  • Omnibenevolence: God is all-loving and perfectly good.
  • Evil exists: Suffering, both natural and moral, is a reality in the world.

Note: in other words, a labeled "Inconsistent Triad" is what I call an Embellished Duality. We see this in the I-Ching where 3 groups of two-different line configurations (single and double) are collectivized in a group-of-three by including either a 1 or 2-line addition to produce a composite figure labeled a Triad, but the underlying structure is actually a Dyad that has been embellished. So take your pick: an embellished duality or inconsistent triad.

  • History of the Ontology of Art (Paisley Livingston): Here we encounter a paradox, or incoherent conjunction of thoughts each of which has some intuitive appeal when examined separately. As Kania (2008a, 22) and Cameron (2008, 295) put it in the context of discussions of the ontology of musical works, the triad may be specified as follows:
    1. Works of art are created.
    2. Works of art are abstract objects.
    3. Abstract objects cannot be created.
  • Biodiversity (Daniel P. Faith): ...the Convention on Biological Diversity, not only addresses issues of conservation, but also sustainable use and fair sharing of benefits. This triad of objectives reflects the three dimensions of sustainable development: ecology, economy and society.
  • Philosophy of Architecture (Saul Fisher): ...Against these traditional brands of essentialism, two further kinds of doubt may be cast. First, it may be that the Vitruvian triad, or some single aspect thereof, does not represent the right list—we should include either further aspects or different aspects altogether. [The Vitruvian Triad, a concept articulated by the Roman architect Vitruvius, outlines three essential qualities for good architecture: firmitas (strength/durability), utilitas (functionality), and venustas (beauty).]
  • (Supplement to Philosoophy of Architecture) Philosophy and the Tradition of Architectural Theory (Saul Fisher):
  • (Supplement to Philosophy of Architecture) Architecture In Ancient and Early Modern Thought (Saul Fisher):
  • Environmental Aesthetics (Glenn Parsons and Allen Carlson): ...Thus by century’s end there existed a triad of what were later recognized to be “aesthetic concepts”—the beautiful, the sublime, and the picturesque—each focusing on a contrasting aspect of nature’s perceptible character.
  • Francis Bacon (Jürgen Klein): ...it has not been ill observed by the chemists in their triad of first principles, that sulphur and mercury run through the whole universe... (reference made to Bacon's Quaternions, and his usage of 2 and 4 parts applied to the chemist's triad.) His application of Quaternion concepts represent attempts to devise 3 -to- 1 ratios, though since this vocabulary was foriegn to him, the more familiar "Quaternion" concept was applied.)

Bacon looks at a triad and deciphers a quaternion
  • Simone de Beauvoir (Debra Bergoffen and Megan Burke): ...her discussion of She Came to Stay and the narration of the triad with Olga in The Prime of Life, that speak not only to Beauvoir’s preoccupations with the role of love in life more generally, but to the bond between self and other that takes shape in an erotic encounter.
  • History of Western Philosophy of Music: since 1800 (Matteo Ravasio): ...On these he projects the triad of the formative arts, claiming that rhythm is the musical in music, modulation the painterly, and melody the sculptural... According to Hegel, art may be further analyzed in terms of a triadic structure, in such a way that we may distinguish its development through symbolic, classical, and romantic art.
  • Relative Identity (Harry Deutsch and Pawel Garbacz): On analysis, they show only that the following three conditions form an inconsistent triad:
    1. RI is true (for some fixed predicates F and G).
    2. Identity relations are equivalence relations.
    3. The relation x and y are the same F figuring in (1) satisfies LL.
  • Panpsychism (Philip Goff, William Seager, and Sean Allen-Hermanson): For its proponents panpsychism offers an attractive middle way between physicalism on the one hand and dualism on the other... traditional triad of matter, space and time...
  • Arabic and Islamic Metaphysics (Amos Bertolacci): Provides one footnoted resource: Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes, Volume 3. On Causes and the Noetic Triad, (Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic Tradition,
  • Heaven and Hell in Christian Thought (Thomas Talbott): Inconsistent Triad reference.
  • Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India (Jonardon Ganeri): The Vaise?ikas call the smallest perceptible thing a “triad” (trya?uka) and claim that it has three parts, each of which is called a “dyad” (dyanuka).
  • The Psychology of Normative Cognition (Daniel Kelly, Evan Westra, and Stephen Setman): One footnoted reference: “The CAD Triad Hypothesis: A Mapping between Three Moral Emotions (Contempt, Anger, Disgust) and Three Moral Codes (Community, Autonomy, Divinity).”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
  • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Paul Redding): A simplified referencing account of Hegel's triads. No conceptual framework of his Triads are illustrated. The are merely mentioned, neither illustrated nor discussed.
  • Hermann Weyl (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté): There exists no explicit "Weyl’s metaphysical triad", though it is mentioned in the article. An AI response provided the following possibilities from Weyl's different works:

Based on the provided search results, there is no widely recognized concept known as "Weyl's metaphysical triad" within the context of Hermann Weyl's work. However, Weyl explored philosophical ideas related to the foundations of mathematics and physics. In doing so, he dealt with various triadic structures or concepts, including:

  • Realism, Idealism, and Transcendentalism: Weyl examined the relationship between these philosophical perspectives, especially concerning how we understand and represent the physical world through mathematics.
  • Intuitionism, Constructivism, and Formalism: These represent different approaches to the foundations of mathematics, and Weyl considered their implications and limitations throughout his career, sometimes appearing to shift between them.
  • Intuitive Continuum, Mathematical Continuum, and Set of Discrete Elements: In his work on the continuum, Weyl considered the intuitive experience of continuity and its relation to its mathematical representation.
  • The Subject, the Object, and their Appearance: He explored how objects are perceived and understood from the perspective of a subject or consciousness, using geometrical analogies to illustrate these concepts.

While none of these are explicitly labeled as "Weyl's metaphysical triad," they demonstrate his interest in fundamental philosophical issues and his exploration of tripartite conceptual structures in his search for a deeper understanding of reality, mathematics, and their connection.

  • Artificial Intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord and Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu): AI now moves forward, armed with this fundamental triad (logicist, probabilistic/Bayesian, and neurocomputational), and it is a virtual certainty that applications (e.g., robots) will be engineered by drawing from elements of all three.
  • Notes to Tsongkhapa (Gareth Sparham and Chandra Chiara Ehm): The primary feature defining Buddhist philosophical literature that makes an investigation into right and wrong interpretations of the list of Mahayana abhidharma categories (rupadi), is the structure given by the triad: basis, path, and result (vastu, marga, phala; gzhi, lam, ’bras bu)...
  • Notes to Units and Levels of Selection (Elisabeth Lloyd): Thus, as (a) species vary in their geographic range sizes, (b) variation in species range-size is causally associated with species survivorship (and, more controversially, with speciation rates), and (c) range size is heritable at the species level (i.e. ranges of related species are more similar in size than expected by chance), this species-level trait meets Lewontin’s (1970) classic triad required for evolution by selection, at any level: variation, differential survival and reproduction owing to interaction of that variation with the environment, and heritability of that variation.

    • Internet query phrase: Three main types of Naturalism in Philosophy.

    AI response: In philosophy, three main types of naturalism are commonly discussed: ontological naturalism, methodological naturalism, and epistemological naturalism. These categories represent different aspects of how naturalism is understood and applied within philosophical inquiry.

    1. Ontological Naturalism:
      1. This view posits that only natural entities and laws exist in the universe. It essentially denies the existence of supernatural entities or forces. This can be seen as a form of metaphysical naturalism, which asserts that reality is exhausted by the natural world as described by science.
    2. Methodological Naturalism:
      • This type of naturalism focuses on the methodology used to investigate the world, particularly in science. It suggests that the scientific method, with its emphasis on empirical observation and natural explanations, is the only reliable way to gain knowledge about the world. This doesn't necessarily imply a commitment to ontological naturalism, but rather a focus on how knowledge is acquired.
    3. Epistemological Naturalism:
      • This perspective centers on how we acquire knowledge and understanding. Epistemological naturalism suggests that knowledge is derived from empirical observation and scientific inquiry, aligning with the principles of methodological naturalism. It emphasizes the importance of experience and natural processes in the formation of beliefs and knowledge.

      Note: Current discussions about triads fail to view the triad as a conceptually reframed expression of a cognitive count with a numerical orientation. Hence, the concept of the first number identity existed in a realm of metaphysical considerations that can otherwise be noted as a supernatural entity. After the idea of "1" was established, the concept of "2" existed in a metaphysical/supernatural realm and frequently cited as a paired god-like figure. The concept of "3" designed as a triad, also exited as a metaphysical/supernatural entity we call gods, goddesses, myths, legends and fairy tales. Ideas pass through stages of conceptualization where metaphysics and the supernatural are interpreted as real. The numbers 3 and 2 and 1 and multiplicity were and remain in some contexts, as metaphysical/supernatural entities because of the trichotomous nature in which human consciousness apparently develops as an environmentally influenced biological pattern.

      Platonism is referenced in terms of a third entity metaphysic/supernaturalism in the following sense:

      • Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato. Platonism has had a profound effect on Western thought. At the most fundamental level, Platonism affirms the existence of abstract objects, which are asserted to exist in a third realm distinct from both the sensible external world and from the internal world of consciousness, and is the opposite of nominalism.

      Nominalism is referenced in terms of a third entity metaphysic/superantualism in the following sense of opposition to Platonism:

      • In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are two main versions of nominalism. One denies the existence of universals—that which can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objects as such—objects that do not exist in space and time.

      Internet query parameter: "What lays between platonism and nominalism?"

      AI response:

      The philosophical position that falls between Platonism and Nominalism regarding abstract objects is Conceptualism. Platonism posits the real existence of abstract objects, while nominalism denies it. Conceptualism, in contrast, acknowledges the existence of abstract concepts, but not as independently existing entities. Instead, they are considered to be mental constructs or ideas within minds. Here's a more detailed breakdown:

      1. Platonism:
        • Advocates for the existence of abstract objects, such as numbers, properties, and mathematical entities, as real, independently existing entities, separate from both physical and mental realms.
      2. Nominalism:
        • Denies the existence of abstract objects, arguing that only individual, concrete things exist. Concepts like "redness" or "triangle" are just names (nomina) we use to group things that share similar characteristics.
      3. Conceptualism:
        • Occupies a middle ground. It agrees with Platonism that there are abstract concepts, but it disagrees that these concepts exist independently of minds. Conceptualists believe that these concepts are mental constructs, ideas formed within our minds, rather than objective realities.
        • Therefore, while Platonists believe in abstract objects as real entities and nominalists deny their existence, conceptualists propose that these abstract objects are mental entities, bridging the gap between the two extremes.

      For many, the idea of Trichotomization will be referenced as a metaphysical idea, perhaps even taking on supernatural definitions in some instances, such as being described as a superior, or New Age, oh higher consciousness. Many of our ideas reek of illustrating that human consciousness is stuck in some transitional state of developmental furthering of our potential of a heightened consciousness, whatever this may actually mean in some future age. This explains why there are so very many ideas which are expressed metaphysics... with some acquiring a supernatural aura.


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