Threesology Research Journal
Three-To-One ratios
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(Study of Threes)
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Three-to-One Leadership
by Clark Aldrich

Practicing leadership comes down to practicing four principles in concert:

  1. 1 of 3. First, you need power within the group. You need to be heard when you speak. You may also need allies with power.
  2. 2 of 3. Second, you need to manage the tension of the group.&If the tension is too low, there will not be a perceived need to do anything differently.& If the tension is too high, the group will be too panicked to act effectively.
  3. 3 of 3. Third, the group needs to have enough different alternatives, or ideas, to consider in order to select the right one.
  4. 1 of 1. When you have enough power and ideas, and the tension is right, leaders have to get the group to complete the critical work.

--- The CEO Refresher ---



Human tongue

3 to 1 ratio of taste bud papillae:

  1. 1 of 3. Circumvallate papillae- has taste buds.
  2. 2 of 3. Foliate papillae- has taste buds.
  3. 3 of 3. Fungiform papillae- has taste buds.
  4. 1 of 1. Filiform papillae- no taste buds.

Image and information:

--- Scientific American: Making sense of taste ---



3 groups of the so-called five basic taste sensations:

  1. Salty/Sweet (Salty/Sweet/Sour?)
  2. Bitter (Bitter/Sour?)
  3. Umami- glutamate (MSG) "beef taste"

3 to 1 ratio when only four basic taste sensations are listed:

  1. 1 of 3. Salty
  2. 2 of 3. Sweet
  3. 3 of 3. Sour
  4. 1 of 1. Bitter

3 types of epithelial cells in Taste buds:

  1. Gustatory (taste) cells- chemoreceptors.
  2. Supporting cells- "insulate" taste cells (not like myelin)
  3. Basal cells- mitotically active, replaced every 7 to 10 days.

Information adapted from:

--- Biological Science ---



  • 3 teaspoons make 1 tablespoon.
  • 3 checks on 1 page is a common small business checkbook style.
  • 3 barley corns equal 1 inch (Old measure originating in England).
  • 3 phase and 1 phase electric service are typically offered in America.
  • 3 to 1 ratio may also be expressed in number groupings such as 13, 31, 130, 310, etc.
  • 3 to (silent) 1: ETA = Estimated Time (of) Arrival
  • I have, on occasion, encountered a message on my computer screen that a configuration from disk 1 and disk 3 have been automatically updated (when using windows 98). No other disk numbers have ever been displayed.


3 to 1 ratio of basic components used in theory construction:

  1. 1 of 3. CONCEPTS - are terms used to identify specific phenomena that are of interest to theory - builders and theory users. They are universal, rather than specific. They refer to attributes that are common among a group of people, places or things.
  2. 2 of 3. VARIABLES - are labels or names given phenomena so they can be distinguished from other phenomena or used to describe degrees of differences among phenomena. They are measurable and concrete versions of concepts and are critical in the process of validating theory with aggregate data.
  3. 3 of 3. THEORETICAL STATEMENTS - connect the variables used in a theory or explanation to one another. They indicate the relationship between the variables, and provide an interpretation of that relationship. A Proposition is a theoretical statement that specifies the connection between two or more variables or how one affects the other.
  4. 1 of 1. THEORETICAL FORMATS - are the ways in which theoretical statements are grouped together.

--- Patterns in Criminal and Delinquent Behavior ---



3 in one eating establishments have begun to crop up in the United States. This is the usage of one building to house three different types of menus being served by a single eating establishment as a means to increase profits. This requires that employees be trained to prepare and serve 3 different types of foodstuffs instead of having knowledge and skills for only one type of menu. To eliminate possible problems from employees, the company(s) purchase (or manufacture) pre-packaged foods and portions.

Colloquial consideration: Ever notice that it takes 3 yells at a teenager to get their attention but only 1 ring from a phone?

Mammals have three bones in each ear and one (the dentary) on each side of the lower jaw; all other vertebrates with ears have one bone (the stapes) in the ear and at least three on each side of the jaw. A group of therapsids called cynodonts had three bones in the jaw, but the main jaw joint was the dentary and the other bones conducted sound.

--- Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Mammals ---



3 to 1 ratio scenario of projected human population growth:

  1. 1 of 3. Low fertility: 2.3 billion
  2. 2 of 3. Medium fertility: 9 billion
  3. 3 of 3. High fertility: 36.4 billion
  4. 1 of 1. At current fertility levels - 134 trillion

World Population Surge

--- BBC News: UN Warns of Population Surge (12-09-03) ---



3 to 1 ratio of Professor Richard Wiseman's (so-called four) top tips for becoming lucky:

Distinctiveness-

  1. 1 of 3. Listen to your gut instincts - they are normally right.
  2. 2 of 3. Spend a few moments each day remembering things that went well.
  3. 3 of 3. Visualize yourself being lucky before an important meeting or telephone call. Luck is very often a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Distinctiveness-

  • 1 of 1. Be open to new experiences and breaking your normal routine.

--- BBC News: The Losers Guide to Getting Lucky ---



3 to 1 ratio:

In the whole world shines the Triad,
over which the Monad rules.
This order is the beginning of all section;
For the mind of the Father said,
that all things be cut Into three.
(The Oracles of Zoroaster)


--- The Classical use of Triplicities ---
By Deborah Houlding



1 to 3 pints of intestinal gas per day are produced by most people according to an advertisement selling CharcoCaps.

3 in 1 handbag ensemble: It's a handbag ... it's a wallet ... it's a clutch.

3 to 1 expression: "From the-get-go".

3 to 1 ratio Chinese Gang Of Four:

  1. 1 of 3. Zhang Chunqiao (male)
  2. 2 of 3. Wang Honqwen (male)
  3. 3 of 3. Yao Wanyuan (male)
  4. 1 of 1. Jiang Quing (female)



Once a super-colony of yellow crazy ants is established, it can expand rapidly, growing around its edges by some 3 metres (10 feet) per day or 1 kilometre (more than half a mile) a year.

3 to 1 ratio of dollar bill arrangement on a Laundromat change machine: Get change [quarters] for) 1$, 5$, 10$, or 20$.

3 dots 1 dash: Frequently used in World War Two to signify the letter "V" for victory.



3 to 1 classification of arthropods:

  1. 1st subphyla- Chelicerata
  2. 2nd subphyla- Crustacea
  3. 3rd subphyla- Unirama
  4. Trilobites, a fourth subphylum, flourished during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods of the Paleozoic Era (570 million to 435 million years ago) but became extinct by the mid-Permian Period (about 250 million years ago), for reasons that are not fully understood.

--- MSN Encarta ---
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557399/arthropods.html



3 boosters for 1 rocket (4K)

Instead of a 3 to 1 or 3 in 1 ratio representation, the 3 boosters on the Delta "4" rocket could be viewed as a 3 for 1 example:

Boeing's new heavy-lift Delta 4 features three core boosters strapped side-by-side.

The image is by Getty pictures. The image and information were retrieved from the BBC news site:

--- Huge Rocket makes maiden flight ---



3 generations of Monarch butterflies make the migratory trek from Mexico to Canada. By adding the generation which is born in Canada and will make the trek to Mexico, we have a 3 to 1 ratio.

3 "tube" bombs were exploded on London, England's underground trains on July 7, 2005:

  1. Between Aldgate and Liverpool Street tube stations
  2. Between King's Cross and Russell Square tube stations
  3. At Edgware Road tube station
  4. By adding the explosion which took place on a bus at Tavistock Square, we have a 3 to 1 ratio.

BBC News: Tube bombs almost simultaneous ---

3 to 1 ratio: In the U.S. a person might encounter a sign I/M station which refers to a vehicle Inspection and Emission testing facility. The "I" refers to a numeral one and the M, when placed on a side, represents the numeral three (unless you prefer to argue it is also the letter W or E).

Annually (1) or every three years, the Minotaur [man's body/bull's head] in ancient Greek Mythology was fed seven youths and 7 maidens; paid as a tribute by Athens to Crete.

As of this date (Oct. 28, 2005) no major league U.S. baseball team playing in the "World" Series as ever won when the opposite team has won three consecutive games. By winning one more, the team with a three game win typically wins. (Note: The use of the word "World" in World Series is an example of egocentricism typical of ancient civilizations that now no longer exist... or so we so-called modern intelligent people think... in many respects just as they did. Other sports such as Martial arts and Boxing will sometimes refer to a localized event as a "World" competition when in fact it is the centralized mental "world" of those participating in the event whether as a player, promoter or spectator.)

3 to 1 variety now usually referred to as a Cemetery:

  1. 1 of 3. Graveyard
  2. 2 of 3. Churchyard
  3. 3 of 3. Burial yard
  4. 1 of 1. Burial ground

3 to 1 variety of water safety "LIFE" measures:

  1. 1 of 3. Inanimate- Life preserver
  2. 2 of 3. Inanimate- Life raft
  3. 3 of 3. Inanimate- Life boat
  4. 1 of 1. Animate- Lifeguard

3 to 1 ratio of 3-lettered word to a single letter, symbol, or sign:

  1. "And" is sometimes replaced with "N" such as in Pick-n-Pull (Auto parts recycling for the do-it-yourselfer.)
  2. "And" is sometimes replaced with a plus sign (+) such as in Johnny + Susie.
  3. "And" is sometimes replaced with and ampersand symbol (&) such as Hotdogs & buns are on sale.
  4. Instead of the word "and" or a "+" sign, or an "-n-" being used in a heart-shaped emblem to indicate boyfriend/girlfriend relationships, the "word" "-con-" is sometimes displayed.

3 to 1 hand gesture/verbal threat used in childhood:

  1. 1 of 3. See my finger (index finger of right hand was typically displayed)
  2. 2 of 3. See my thumb (thumb of right hand was typically displayed)
  3. 3 of 3. See my fist (one's right hand fist was typically displayed)
  4. 1 of 1. As the fist was shown and somewhat shook, we would say: You better run.

3 to 1 rule of U.S. Postal system used by Remote Encoding Centers (when mail must be read by humans because machines have trouble reading some handwriting, smudges, defaced, returned mail, Business Return Mail, Military mail, etc...):

1st three letters of first word in an street address or city address line, and 1st letter of second "word" of the street address or city address line. If there are not three letters then a [space] is supposed to be entered. This same 3 + 1 rule holds for encoding city/state and names of Countries. For example:

You See This: You Type This:
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary House
Little Rock, Arkansas
At the "Inward" prompt

3888CANH (then execute appropriate 'str' [street] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary
Little Rock, Arkansas
At the "Outward" prompt

LITRAR (then execute appropriate 'c/s' [city/state] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary
Little Rock, Arkansas
At the "Inward" prompt

3888CAN[space] (then execute appropriate 'str' [street] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary House
Little Rock, Arkansas
At the "Outard" prompt

LIT[space]AR (then execute appropriate 'c/s' [city/state] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary House St.
Little Rock, Arkansas
At the "Inward" prompt

3888CANS (then execute appropriate 'str' [street] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary House St.
L. Rock, Arkansas
At the "Outard" prompt

L[space][space]RAR (then execute appropriate 'c/s' [city/state] function key)
John Doe Smith
3888 Canary House St.
Bear River, Yukon Territory
Canada A1B 2C3

At the "Numeric" prompt you hit the "for'n" (foreign) key which changes to a "Country" prompt whereby you type CAN (space) and then hit the "for'n" key again which provides a "Postal Code" prompt at which you will type in the first three "A1B" (letter-number-letter or number-letter-number); but if there isn't a postal code then you hit the "for'n" key again you get another prompt at which time you type in BeaRYT and hit the "for'n" key again. (Mexico uses a five-digit zip code.)


3 to 1 variety example in the instance that the U.S. Congress gets an annual raise of $3100.00!!! (Yet the public suffers losses of jobs.)

3 commonly eaten meats in the U.S.: Beef- Chicken- Pork and 1 auxiliary eaten meat: Lamb (However, other meats are also eaten such as bison ("buffalo"), elk, venison, duck, fish, frog, etc...

3 common drink varieties taken on recreational outings: Beer- Soda (Pop)- Water and 1 "other" type: Hard liquor such as whiskey... However, we could categorize this as being a three reference by the generalization of Booze- Soda pop- water items (such as koolaid).

There are 1st and 3rd phases of the moon. (At what date the "3rd" {"last quarter"} was first used is not yet known. The usage of such may be another indication of a change in the human brain/physiology.)

3 to 1 ratio of people at a deposition:

  1. 1 of 3. The court reporter.
  2. 2 of 3. The opposing attorney.
  3. 3 of 3. Your attorney.
  4. 1 of 1. You.

If you have no attorney, then there will be three people at least. There could be others, but three is the minimum in some cases. On one occasion, the opposing lawyer had his son in attendance making grimacing gestures in an attempt to intimidate me. I was laughing to myself the whole time. I countered by being unable to remember anything but the information relevant to the case. The opposing lawyer was asking a lot of stupid, stupid, stupid questions about personal events that took place more than twenty years ago! about information that had nothing whatsoever to do with the case except in his own mind of attempting to make a connection in order to assert (fabricate) that either my testimony was false or that his position was most tenable for his client. I eventually won the case (after the case was reviewed by a higher judge since the first judge was just as biased as the lawyer was); because the preponderance of evidence stood in my favor. Even the woman who was typing the deposition was attempting to undermine my testimony by placing such words as "SIC" in the deposition. She also put in words I never said and were quite easily understood as such by a simple examination of commonly expressed usages. She was supposed to type a word-for-word accountability and not interject her own biases in an attempt to support someone who hired her. Hence, there were three people engaging in dishonest techniques at the deposition: The Lawyer, the lawyer's son, and the woman typing the deposition.

3 to 1 ratio of items to pick up after paying for something at a checkout counter:

  1. 1 of 3. Dollar bills
  2. 2 of 3. Coins
  3. 3 of 3. Receipt
  4. 1 of 1. Merchandise/food/ or in the case of a beauty/barber shop, some satisfaction at acquiring a product that is a part of oneself.

During the month of February 2007, I experienced 3 punctures in the rear tire and 1 puncture at the front tire, at the same time. After patching them I decided to get one of the liquid flat fixers. I was trying to decide between three different brands: Slime, Monkey Wrench, Simoniz. I chose the Simoniz brand because of the cheaper price and that all 3 had the same warranty.

3 to 1 ratio of the four noble truths attributed to the Buddha:

  1. 1 of 1. suffering
  2. 2 of 2. the cause of suffering
  3. 3 of 3. the cessation of suffering
  4. 1 of 1. the eightfold noble path.

(I wonder if we got the phrase "credible evidence" from "noble truth"?)



1 or 3 hole lawn mower blades can typically be found in U.S. stores. I have encountered a five-hole blade while searching the internet for a picture to provide a visual representation of what this example is referring to, so I have simply altered the picture of the five-hole blade into a 3 and single hole variety. Sometimes the two holes next to the center mounting screw hole are slotted in order to provide flexibility in application. It's an attempt at designing a type of universal fitting blade. Typically, the two smaller holes next to the center one are used to fit over small metal protrusions on the engine shaft yoke that may be alternatively labeled dowel pins, nipples, or locating/aligning tabs to provide the blade with some support as a means of preventing the possibility of centrifugal action causing the blade to spin on its own which might cause it to become detached.

3 types of lawn mower blade mounting holes (62K)



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